Cannabis flower users need to know its three components—tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and terpenes, along with their defining outcomes and medicinal potential before going to a cannabis store in Vancouver, BC.
In Canada, cannabis legalization in 2018 has spurred weed dispensaries and research into its chemical composition and responses.
Health Canada has also established product guidelines requiring detailed labelling of compound concentrations and profiles from a cannabis dispensary or ‘marijuana store near me’ to ensure transparency and informed consumer choices.
What is THC?
Tetrahydrocannabinol (or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the principal psychoactive compound of marijuana. Its chemical formula is C₂₁H₃₀O₂, has a molecular weight of 314.46 g/mol and is synthesized in the glandular trichomes of plants from female flowers.
As a cannabinoid, it has a bicyclic structure with a tricyclic aromatic ring system. It originates from cannabigerol acid (CBGA), the precursor to many profiles.
- CBGA is converted into tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) through enzymatic reactions catalyzed by synthases.
- THCA undergoes decarboxylation through heating or curing to yield.
- It is found in the resin glands or trichomes, which are tiny, hair-like structures on their surface.
- The concentration ranges from as low as 1% to as high as 30% by dry weight.
Uses
It has been shown to provide symptomatic relief for chronic pain, nausea, and appetite loss. The synthetic analog dronabinol (Marinol) is FDA-approved for treating nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and appetite stimulation in patients with HIV/AIDS.
What is CBD?
Cannabidiol is a non-psychoactive unit found in Cannabis sativa.
| Chemically Name | 2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]phenol |
| Molecular Formula | C₂₁H₃₀O₂ |
| Molecular Weight | 314.46 g/mol |
It features a bicyclic structure with an aromatic ring system and a hydroxyl group. However, it lacks the cyclohexene ring’s delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol double bond, which accounts for its non-psychoactive nature.
Biosynthesis and Distribution
It is synthesized from cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) through a series of enzymatic reactions involving synthases. CBGA is first converted into cannabichromenic acid (CBCA) and then into cannabidiol acid (CBDA) before decarboxylation yields.
Pharmacokinetics and How It Works
Upon ingestion, it undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver. Then, it is assimilated by cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP2C19, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4, into metabolites such as 7-hydroxy-CBD and 6-hydroxy-CBD. These metabolites are excreted through urine and feces.
- Exhibits a low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors, modulating the ECS by acting as a negative allosteric modulator at CB1 receptors.
- Reduces the receptor’s affinity for the non-psychoactive unit and enhances the levels of anandamide by inhibiting the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH).
- Interacts with non-cannabinoid receptors, including serotonin receptors (5-HT1A) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), for its anxiolytic and analgesic responses.
Therapeutic and Clinical Use
- Epilepsy: U.S. FDA and cannabis stores approved Cannabidiol for treating Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Trials have demonstrated it reduces the frequency and severity of seizures.
- Anxiety and Depression: Research suggests that it has anxiolytic and antidepressant impacts. It may reduce symptoms of anxiety and improve mood with indefinite anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
- Pain and Inflammation: Its anti-inflammatory and analgesic qualities are attributed to its interaction with TRPV1 receptors and its ability to modulate immune responses. It can help alleviate arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and neuropathic pain.
- Neuroprotection: Explored for its neuroprotective results, beneficial in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes are thought to contribute to its neuroprotective potential.
Terpenes in Cannabis
Terpenes are a group of hydrocarbons produced by plants, including marijuana. They are classified as isoprenoids, derived from the isoprene unit (C₅H₈).
- They are synthesized in the glandular trichomes.
- Their biosynthesis begins with converting geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) into precursors through enzymatic reactions catalyzed by synthases.
Myrcene
The most prevalent and is often responsible for its earthy, musky aroma. Chemically, it is a monoterpene with the formula C₁₀H₁₆. It is known for its sedative and analgesic results.
- It may enhance the blood-brain barrier’s permeability.
- It has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and muscle-relaxant properties.
Limonene
This has a citrusy scent and is a main component of lemon and orange peels. It is a monoterpene with the formula C₁₀H₁₆.
- Believed to have mood-enhancing and anxiolytic outcomes through its interaction with serotonin receptors.
- Has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Pinene
It comes in two forms—alpha-pinene and beta-pinene—and is known for its pine-like aroma.
- Alpha-pinene (C₁₀H₁₆) and beta-pinene (C₁₀H₁₆) are known for their bronchodilator reactions, which alleviate respiratory issues.
- It has cognitive-enhancing properties and may counteract some of the short-term memory impairments.
Linalool
A monoterpene with the formula C₁₀H₁₈O, and has a floral lavender aroma. It is known for its sedative and anxiolytic influences, making it useful for reducing stress and anxiety.
Caryophyllene
A unique sesquiterpene with the formula C₁₀H₁₆ and is characterized by its spicy, peppery aroma. It is notable for its ability to interact with CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic changes.
How Do They Interact?
THC binds to CB1 receptors in the central nervous system, which leads to its psychoactive consequences. In contrast, CBD has a low affinity for CB1 and CB2 receptors but interacts with serotonin receptors and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels.
CBD’s interaction with CB1 receptors is more indirect; it acts as a negative allosteric modulator, reducing its ability to bind with THC and thereby attenuating some of the psychoactive repercussions.
The Entourage Effect
It is a term that describes the synergistic linking of cannabinoids, terpenes, and other phytochemicals.
- Terpenes may influence the pharmacokinetics of cannabinoids, such as increasing their absorption or altering their metabolism.
- Myrcene can amplify the sedative effects of THC.
- Limonene, with its mood-enhancing properties, might mitigate some of the negative effects, such as anxiety or paranoia.
A strain high in both THC and CBD may provide pain relief, reduced inflammation, and improved mood regulation, demonstrating the benefits of using the full spectrum of compounds.
Selecting the Right Cannabis Strain
You must understand cannabinoid and terpene profiles, genetic lineage, and individual therapeutic needs.
- Indica is associated with sedative effects, making it suitable for evening use or individuals seeking relaxation and pain relief. They tend to have higher levels of myrcene and often feature a more balanced ratio.
- Sativa is known for its stimulating and euphoric effects, and it is often used for daytime activities. It has higher levels of limonene and pinene, contributing to its energizing effects.
- Hybrid is bred from Indica and Sativa parents to combine desirable traits.
Consider These
- For instance, a high-CBD strain with linalool might be ideal for anxiety and sleep disorders, while a high-THC strain with myrcene may be better for pain relief and relaxation.
- Consider individual tolerance and sensitivity. High-THC strains may not be suitable for individuals with low tolerance or those prone to anxiety.
- Consumption impacts the effects of the strain. Smoking or vaping provides rapid onset, while edibles result in delayed but prolonged effects.
- Ensure the selected strain complies with local legal regulations.
Have a Positive Experience with Quality Products
Understanding the interplay of compounds is imperative for your marijuana experience from a weed dispensary. The entourage effect reinforces the relevance of considering the potent effects of a strain when selecting for therapeutic or recreational use.
This interaction can enhance or modify the desired feel, providing tailored benefits that individual compounds cannot achieve alone. That’s why cannabis dispensaries offer a wide selection of CBD products to accommodate the demands of customers.
Sea to Sky, the best weed dispensary, provides detailed information, weed delivery, and high-quality cannabis products like live resin, dried cannabis, cannabis oil, and single pre-rolls to meet the needs of all users.
Explore our weed shop selection to find non-medical cannabis strains that match your recreational cannabis cravings and have the full spectrum of their benefits. Don’t hesitate to contact our knowledgeable staff for great product recommendations or more information on strains.
Frequently asked questions
What are the primary differences in cannabinoid and terpene profiles between Indica, Sativa, and Hybrid strains?
- Indica has higher levels of myrcene, leading to sedative effects. Concentrations range from 10% to 20% from weed stores, with moderate to low CBD content. They are often used for relaxation and sleep.
- Sativas have higher concentrations of limonene and pinene, which contribute to stimulating and euphoric effects. Levels range from 15% to 30%, with lower CBD content. They are used to enhance mood and energy.
- Hybrid combines the characteristics of Indica and Sativa. The cannabinoid and terpene profiles vary based on their genetic lineage, aiming to balance the effects of both parent types.
How do the methods of cannabis consumption affect the bioavailability and impact of compounds?
- Smoking/vaping: The onset of effects is rapid, within minutes, due to the direct absorption of cannabinoids into the bloodstream through the lungs. Bioavailability is 30% to 50%.
- Edibles: Due to metabolism in the digestive system, edibles result in delayed onset, typically 30 minutes to 2 hours. The liver metabolizes the psychoactive unit into 11-hydroxy-THC, which is more potent. Bioavailability is about 4% to 12%.
- Sublingual Tinctures: Allow cannabinoids to be absorbed through the mucous membranes beneath the tongue, leading to a faster onset than edibles but slower than smoking. Bioavailability can range from 10% to 20%.
What role do minor cannabinoids play in the overall effects of cannabis, and how are they typically present in strains?
Cannabigerol (CBG) in British Columbia, often present in concentrations of 0.1% to 1%, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. Cannabinol (CBN), typically found in lower concentrations (0.1% to 0.5%), is known for its sedative effects and use in sleep disorders. BC cannabis stores, like Sea to Sky, have a curated selection of BC bud with CBN.
